quinta-feira, 1 de novembro de 2018

O PORQUÊ OS LEGÍTIMOS DISSIDENTES MORRERAM FUDIDAMENTE POBRES ENQUANTO FORA DA DISCIPLINA HUMANA

O porquê os legítimos dissidentes morreram fudidamente pobres enquanto fora da disciplina humana rs

è ainda o maior pensador indisciplinado e "broken" da história da economia e sociologia e antropologia moderna. We introduce you, Karl_através da Clinical Labor:

“socially necessary labor time” is the outcome of ongoing political struggles. It follows that there is no “law of value” in the sense of some transcendental or natural equilibrium regulating the relationship between price and labor. The calculation of the price of labor must be understood as historically contingent yet fully operative as an instrument of discipline.
_ It is not through some natural transformation of use value into price, but retroactively, through the abstraction of money in circulation, that the value of labor is determined._

@ Having established the retroactive logic, however, Marx insists that the determination of the value of labor is a political decision, the outcome, that is, of ongoing conflicts between labor and capital.

@Labor’s value contains a distinct “historical and moral element,” manifest in the particular forms of temporal measure that govern labor in any given moment (Marx 1990 [1867]: 275). If exploitation is essentially a form of temporal discipline, it is not surprising that labor struggles have historically targeted the social organization of time—not only the length of the working day, as Marxists have traditionally pointed out, but also the division between the time of productive labor (work) and the time of reproductive labor (life), and the social distribution of accidental time or risk.


THAT´s OUR TIME lapses PLACES

@ Thus far, our reading of Marx is closely aligned with that of theorists such as Isaak Rubin and Moishe Postone, who point to the centrality of temporaln abstraction in Marx’s labor theory of value. We differ from these perspectives, however, by insisting that the abstract and the material (indeed, embodied) dimensions of labor cannot be theorized in isolation. In their attempt to distinguish Marx’s theory of labor from the substantialist conceptions of the classical liberals, these theorists seek to divorce the concept of abstract labor time from the historically specific, physiological forms assumed by the concrete labor process in any given order of production. In so doing, however, they risk reinstating a reductive, ahistorical conception of the “physiological” in its place.

In any event, we would suggest, the structural categories of Marx’s theory of value cannot be so easily abstracted from the biotechnical conditions of labor that characterized the mid-nineteenth century. Far from representing a merely metaphoric aspect of Marx’s thinking, the technical vocabulary of early industrial production shapes the very conceptual framework of the theory of value, giving rise, for example, to the distinctions between dead and living labor, variable and constant capital. These distinctions rest on the assumption that the technical or machinic composition of capital is necessarily inanimate and that the human or variable component of capital resides in the “living labor” of the worker’s body, conceived as an organic whole. Early twentieth-century developments in biomedicine fundamentally challenge these categories by inventing what Hannah Landecker (2007) has called “living technologies”—in vitro tissues and cell lines that are both living and machinic in the sense that they can be cultured outside the body and form part of the technical composition of science. The twentieth century brings the production process inside the body and puts organs, blood, and cell lines into circulation outside the body, scrambling the classical Marxist distinction between the living and the dead (Cooper 2002). In earlier work, we theorized the emergence of living commodities (the commercial exchange of organs, blood, and cell lines outside the body) and living capital (the patented cell line as generative of surplus value) (Waldby and Mitchell 2006; Cooper 2008). In this book, we trace the relocation of the labor process to the suborganismic level of the body, via the mass experimentation of randomized controlled trials (rcts) and the contractualization of assisted reproductive services. _@






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